Districts across the nation have raised questions about their responsibilities in providing educational services to the most recent wave of immigrant children, specifically those from the Central American countries of Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Many of these children have arrived unaccompanied, countless numbers have done so illegally, and the vast majority have little or no knowledge or understanding of English.
Children who arrive in the United States without an accompanying adult are cared for at one of whose operation is overseen by the Department of Health and Human Services. While at the shelter, all expenses for caring for the children, from food and clothing to immunizations and other medical care, are paid for by the federal government. Although children in these shelters receive educational services, they cannot attend school offsite. Children are allowed to enroll in public school only after they are released to a sponsor 鈥 a parent, other relative, or family friend. It is these children, who in the past year alone , that school districts aren鈥檛 sure what to do with.
Part of the problem districts face is difficulty determining the child鈥檚 educational background when their sponsor brings them in to enroll. Often, the sponsor is unaware of the child鈥檚 history, and language barriers can prevent the child from conveying their history. As a result, school districts are unsure where to place children and what services they may need. Sometimes, schools don鈥檛 even know if a student has been vaccinated, which is a requirement for enrollment.
This video reports how New York public schools handle the influx of immigrant students.
Federal Law Mandates Free Education For All
All children in the United States, regardless of their immigration status, citizenship, or country of origin, are entitled to a free public education, just like children born in this country. According to the latest data from the U.S. Department of Education, the in the country is 840,000, with another 4.6 million students learning English as their second language.
Fortunately, there are several existing resources that local school districts can use to address their growing enrollment and pay for the supplemental expenses associated with expanded services for English language learners, disabled children, and poverty-stricken children who come to this country. According to the Department of Education, these resources include:
- English Language Acquisition Programs鈥擳itle III of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) provides funding for immigrant and other limited English proficiency students. States are required by law to save up to 15 percent of these funds for distribution to school districts that undergo significant enrollment increases. These funds can be used for tutoring, expanded instruction, course materials, and other resources to improve language skills.
- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 鈥 Funding from IDEA can be used to evaluate any child, including unaccompanied immigrants. If a child is determined to have a disability, they are entitled to special education services like any other student.
- Services for Educationally Disadvantaged Children (Title I) 鈥 Title I involves programs to boost children's achievement in high-poverty areas. If an immigrant child attends a school that qualifies for Title I funding, they may be eligible to receive extended services. Title I also includes Migrant Education Programs, which provide services for children who are migrant workers or whose parents are migrant workers. Again, these funds could be used to provide services to unaccompanied immigrant children if they meet the criteria for the program.
Despite the ability to use these existing funding sources, some school districts are scrambling to find more money to pay for what they expect to be a flood of new students who will require supplementary services.
This video offers an overview of the English language acquisition program under Title III.
Budget Concerns
Schools from Maryland to California are bracing for potential budget shortfalls as enrollment and service demand increase. In the hardest hit areas 鈥 Texas and Florida 鈥 districts are begging state officials for more money to supplement Title I, Title III, and IDEA funding. In , where the most recent unaccompanied minors will attend school this fall, extra federal and state funding is on the way to help cover the additional $2,000 in expenses each immigrant child鈥檚 education costs the district. That district has abundant resources to meet the language learning needs of children, as it has long been a destination for immigrants. However, the district is concerned about the influx of enrollment this fall after enrolling over 300 children in the waning months of this past school year alone.
Some districts, including in Georgia, have established English training academies to help unaccompanied immigrant students begin learning English. However, many students from Central America don鈥檛 speak Spanish; they speak their local Mayan dialects instead. As a result, the progress is slow, and programs must be extended into the summer months, increasing costs. When the costs for health screenings, psychological services, free and reduced meals, and technology training are added in, the price tag can become quite large.
Open Arms in San Francisco
The San Francisco City Council passed a resolution earlier this year to provide emergency humanitarian assistance specifically to unaccompanied children seeking refuge in the United States. The San Francisco Unified School District has followed suit, with members of their Board of Education urging the district to add teachers, expand services, and dedicate funding to meet the needs of these children.
These proactive measures typify what the school district has done for many years 鈥 welcome new students with open arms. Each year, hundreds of newcomer students arrive in the district and need intensive services to be successful. However, with the number of students rapidly increasing from 840 in the 2012-2013 school year to 1,029 and counting for the 2014-2015 school year, the district needs to expand its already robust programming to meet the additional demand.
The hallmark of the district鈥檚 immigrant student services is the Pathway Program. This program involves intensive English language learning coursework, as well as wraparound services that meet the social, emotional, psychological, and legal needs of immigrant children, many of whom have come to this country to escape abject poverty and violence back home. Expanding these services makes the most sense when adding to the mix that this new wave of children is coming in without their parents. The district is working with other agencies in the city to coordinate programs so the diverse needs of each immigrant student are met. Social service agencies, churches, and local charities are just a few of the entities involved in the effort.
City and school district officials believe that providing comprehensive services to these children will benefit not just students but the community in the long run. Ensuring supports are in place to help children receive services to meet their immediate medical and mental health needs, and as they age, finish high school, procure employment, attend college, and find suitable housing, will negate much of the financial burden the city would face if these children fell through the cracks and came to rely upon social service programs to get by.
San Antonio Prepares
San Antonio is faced with the unique situation of having to make preparations for a possible influx of unaccompanied immigrant children to their district without really knowing what the number of kids will be. Approximately 1,200 children are housed at Joint Base San Antonio 鈥 Lackland, and hundreds more are being cared for by charities and shelters throughout the city. So far, government officials insist that the children at the Lackland camp will be educated there and not be enrolled in schools in San Antonio. The same has been said for children residing in city shelters.
However, officials don鈥檛 know how many of these children will be assigned to a sponsor during the school year and if their sponsor will be a local resident. What鈥檚 more, hundreds of children have already been placed in foster care, and those that have will be enrolling in a San Antonio School. But again, there seems to be no firm understanding of how many children are involved. Without that knowledge, the San Antonio Independent School District is preparing to deal with a surge of students needing a comprehensive support program to succeed.
Worry in North Carolina
Only five states have taken in more unaccompanied immigrant children than North Carolina. That state, which has to date been highly cooperative in finding sponsors for children, has begun to about the financial burden they may face if they continue to take children in. Governor Pat McCrory has criticized the federal government for a lack of transparency about the number of children entering the state and their locations. He is concerned that the presence of these needy children will impact the state鈥檚 ability to fund social services for state residents.
Still, many in the state argue that, besides being obligated under federal and international law to assist these children, the bulk of the burden of caring for them will fall not to state-funded social services but to non-profits and social organizations. However, the governor鈥檚 critics also admit that local schools will face challenges in accommodating the influx of children, mainly because it is unknown how many children will enroll or even how many children have been placed with sponsors in any given city.
Unwelcome in Parts of Texas
Unfortunately, other municipalities are not viewing the influx of immigrant children with the same positivity displayed in San Francisco. In , the city council voted earlier this year 6-2 to ban undocumented children from entering the city, let alone enrolling in their schools. Those in favor of the ban cited health and safety concerns as the primary underpinnings of the proposed ordinance. A similar measure banning immigrant children was also passed in , although no reasons were given publicly for the ban passed by county commissioners by a 4-1 vote.
Other Responses Vary from Pity to Rage
The responses of state and local officials to the need to house and educate unaccompanied immigrant children elsewhere in the country . In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Davenport, Iowa, city officials have contacted local charities to identify locations where children could be housed. In New Jersey, Governor Chris Christie said he would consider any request from the federal government to house children in his state. Governor Deval Patrick of Massachusetts has pledged the same. However, Governor Peter Shumlin of Vermont has notified the federal government that his state lacks the resources to care for these children. At the same time, citizens in Murrieta, California, and Oracle, Arizona, have actively tried to block busses carrying immigrant children from entering their cities.
Federal Warnings
As some municipalities have made moves to block the entrance of unaccompanied immigrant children into their schools and towns, the federal government has issued strict warnings not to do so. Attorney General Eric Holder issued a statement earlier this year reminding school districts of their legal obligation to educate all students, regardless of race, ethnicity, immigration status, or citizenship. In his statement, Holder said that attempts to prevent these children from getting an education 鈥渨eaken our nation鈥 and leave children 鈥渦nequipped and ill prepared to succeed.鈥
Opponents of providing an education to immigrant children generally cite health and safety concerns, financial difficulties, and logistical issues as their primary reasons for refusing to allow children to enroll in school. But without access to public schools 鈥 which provide safe harbor, food, access to medical care and counseling, socialization, enculturation, and English language learner courses in addition to traditional educational curricula 鈥 these children will become the burden that opponents are so afraid of. They will have no place to go, no understanding of our primary language, no skills, and likely no hope. While providing educational services to immigrant children will be expensive and will test the mettle of many school officials and take some schools to their very capacity, turning these kids away will have far more significant consequences for cities and states. In this instance, local officials might be forced to examine how San Francisco handles the situation. It is a testament to an entire town that views these children as human beings in need rather than an undue burden that strains local resources.
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